Text Analysis

Text Analysis of

Text in Philosophy, Anthropology, and Linguistics in Translation

Translation Equivalence and Readability

of Rani (09185)’s Translation

Presented by:

Febri Astuti                   A 3200 90 185/E

English Department School of Teacher Training and Education

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

2012

Research finding

Based on the data analysis, the writer finds equivalence and non equivalence translation. The finding shows that there are eleven (11) equivalence data and four (4) non equivalence data.

1.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are ten (11) equivalent data from fifteen (15) analysis data. The translator uses seven (7) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, deletion, category shift, structural shift, and intra-system shift.

01/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

Philosophy, Anthropology, and Linguistics in Translation

Target language

Filsafat, Antropologi, dan Linguistik dalam terjemahan

From the data above the writer concludes that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach them, she only uses adaptation. The adaptation is done from noun (N) to noun (N) of:

a.       Anthropology into antropologi

b.      Linguistics into linguistik.

They are called nouns marked by suffix -(g)y and –(t) ics and both refers to types of science. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –gy- into –gi-, tics into –tik-. Although she just uses ones of the strategies, but it has represented that this TL is readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of sentence less than 8 (eight), so it is very easy to understand.

2.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the TL and the SL. There are eleven (11) equivalent data from fifteen (15) analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

02/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

Relativism and Universal Rationalism

Target language

Relativisme dan Rasionalisme Universal

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach them. She uses strategy of adaptation, adoption and class shift. Firstly, the adaptation is done from N to N of relativism into relativisme. They are called nouns marked by suffix - (i)sm refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words from the SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-, it is called type of a theory. Secondly, the adoption in also used by the translator which be shown without the change of the spelling or the words like universal into universal. In English universal is N and the Indonesian is N too. Lastly, she uses strategy of class shift which the shift from noun phrase (NP) to NP which is  “Universal Rationalism” to “rasionalisme universal”, it is derived from N “universal” into N “rasionalisme” and N “rasionalisme” into N “universal”. It does not undergo the shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different meaning. Although she just uses some of the strategies, but it has represented that this TL is readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of sentence less than 8 (eight) and using the simple word, so it is very easy to understand.

3.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

03/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

When a translator is faced with a text, he should take into account that the product of his translation is directed at people that come from a background which is different from that of the original target audience.

Target language

Ketika penerjemah dihadapkan dengan teks, ia harus mempertimbangkan bahwa hasil terjemahan diarahkan pada orang-orang yang datang dari latar belakang yang berbeda dari target pembaca asli.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of adaptation, deletion, adoption, repetition and class shift. Firstly, the adaptation is done from N to N of “Text” into “teks”. Secondly, the adoption is also used by the translator which be shown without the change of the spelling or the words like “Target” into “target”. In English N “target” and the Indonesian is N too. Thirdly, she uses strategy of class shift which the shift from:

a.       NP “The original target audience” into NP “target pembaca asli”.

 It can derived from NP “the original” into N “target”, N “target” into N “pembaca”, and N “audience” into N “asli”.

It does not undergo the shift in the category of SL into TL, but it is performed the different meaning. Four, she uses by convention that the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of N “Orang-orang” (People) and “Praktek-praktek” (Practices). She also uses the strategies of deletion which is omission of a lexical item such as:

a.       “A translator” into “Penerjemah”,  (omission of “A”)

b.      “A text” into “teks”, (omission of “A”)

c.       “His translation” into “terjemahan”, (omission of “his”)

d.      “A background” into” latar belakang”. (omission of “A”)

Besides the category shift especially level shift of full verb phrase (VP) “Take into account” into Verb “mempertimbangkan”. This is also required due to the shift of voice and lexical to avoid misinterpretation. With using some above strategies, this text has represented that this TL is readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) and the vocabulary is the familiar simple word without using of new terms (borrowed native language). So it is very easy to understand without the ambiguity factor.

4.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

04/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

When we talk of a different background, we refer to people with a different history, participating in different social practices and speaking a different language.

Target language

Ketika kita berbicara tentang latar belakang yang berbeda, kita lihat orang-orang dengan sejarah yang berbeda, berpartisipasi dalam praktek-praktek sosial yang berbeda dan berbicara dalam bahasa yang berbeda.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach them. She uses strategy of adaptation, addition, deletion, repetition and class shift. The adaptation is done from

a.       (N) Participate into (N) partisipasi

b.      (Adj) Social into (Adj) sosial

Both them does not undergo the shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and written. Furthermore, she uses the strategy of class shift which is:

a.       Talk (Verb) into berbicara (N)

b.      Different background/latar belakang yang berbedaà Different (Adj) into latar belakang (Verb), background (N) into berbeda (Adj)

c.       Different history/sejarah yang berbedaà Different (Adj)  into sejarah (N), history (N) into berbeda (Adj)

d.      Different social practices/praktek-praktek social yang berbedaà Different (Adj) into praktek-praktek social (NP), social practices (NP) into berbeda (Adj)

e.       Different language/bahasa yang berbedaà Different (Adj) into bahasa (N), language (N) into berbeda (Adj).

After this, she uses by convention that the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun Orang-orang (People) and Praktek-praktek (Practices). She also uses the strategies of deletion which is omission of a lexical item such as:

a.       A different background into “latar belakang yang berbeda” (omission of “A”)

b.      To people into “orang-orang” (omission of “to”)

c.       A different history into “sejarah yang berbeda” (omission of “A”)

The readability factors use ones of the average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is difficult, because it is complex sentence. Although it has complex sentence consist of the vocabulary that variety and the sentence is too long, but it is generally easier to understand and using the simple word, so it is easy to understand without the ambiguity factor.

5.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

05/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

It seems man cannot invent anything that he cannot conceive.

Target language

Tampaknya manusia tidak bisa menciptakan sesuatu yang dia tidak bisa pahami.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of addition, intra-system shift and class shift. The addition is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the misinterpretation like in English “It seems man” into Indonesian (Tampaknya manusia “man”à manusia). Besides, she uses strategy of class shift which the shift from Verb “Conceive” into Noun “pahami”. It undergoes the shift in the category of shift and it is performed the different meaning of shift. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English “seems” to singular in Indonesian “nampak. Although she uses only three above strategies, this text has represented that this TL is readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of sentence more than 8 (eight) and using the simple word, so it is easy to understand.

6.      Non equivalent translation

Non equivalent translation is the message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). It has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (4) non equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in his translation namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

06/SL1/TL1/NE/UR

Source language

In philosophy, we face two perspectives from which to consider a translation.

Target language

Dalam filsafat, kita menghadapi dua perspektif dari mana untuk mempertimbangkan terjemahan

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates nonequivalent the translation is also non readable in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of deletion, adaptation and intra-system shift. She uses strategy of adaptation which the shift from noun (N) to noun (N) which is “perspective” into “perspektif”. It undergoes the shift in the category of shift and it is performed the spelling and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English “perspectives” to singular in Indonesian “perspektif”. Besides, the deletion is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the misinterpretation like “From which to” into “dari mana untuk” (omission of “which”, in Indonesian is “yang”), this is not equivalent translation between the SL and TL in deleting word. Although she uses only three above strategies, this text has not represented that this TL is unread ability to reader. The unread ability factors use the average length of sentence less than 14 (four teen) is rather easy, but it is using the complex word from native language “perspektif”, so it is difficult to understand in new word of the TL.

7.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the TL and the SL. There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

07/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

The first is that of relativism.

Target language

Yang pertama adalah relativisme

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation and deletion. The adaptation is done from noun to noun of relativism into relativisme. They are called nouns marked by suffix -(i)sm refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-. Besides, deletion in also used by the translator which be shown with deleting of the word “That of” which is derived from SL “That of relativism” into Indonesian “relativisme”. Although she uses just two (2) above strategies, this text has represented that this TL is readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of sentence less than 8 (eight) and using the simple word, so it is very easy to understand.

8.      Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

08/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

Relativism is a philosophical perspective that considers our cognitive exercise of understanding as filtered by a culturally defined conceptual way of thinking.

Target language

Relativisme adalah perspektif filosofis yang menganggap latihan kognitif pemahaman kita disaring secara kultural didefinisikan dengan cara konseptual berpikir

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation, deletion, intra-system shift and class shift. The adaptation is done from noun to noun such as:

a.       Relativism into relativisme

They are called nouns marked by suffix -(i)sm refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-.

b.      Perspectives into perspektif

c.       Cognitive into kognitif

d.      Culturally into cultural

e.       Concept into konsep

All of them does not undergo the shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and written. She also uses the strategies of deletion which is omission of a lexical item such as:

a.       A philosophical perspective into perspektif filosofis (omission of word “A”)

b.      As filtered into disaring (omission of word “A”)

c.       A culturally into cultural (omission of word “A”)

Furthermore, she uses strategy of class shift which the shift from like:

a.       Philosophical perspective into perspektif filosofis

The shift in English “philosophical”(N)  into in Indonesian “persepktif” (N) and in English “perspective” (N)  into in Indonesian “filosofi” (N)

b.      Our cognitive exercise of understanding into latihan kognitif pemahaman kita

The shift in English “our cognitive”(NP) into in Indonesian “latihan kognitif”(NP) and in English “exercise of understanding”(NP) into in Indonesian “pemahaman kita”(N).

c.       Conceptual way into cara konseptual

The shiftin English “conceptual”(N)  into in Indonesian “cara”(N), in English “way”(N) into  in Indonesian “konseptual”(N).

She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English to singular in Indonesian, plural “considers” into singular “menganggap”. Although she uses four (4) above strategies, but it has represented the translation from the SL to the TL. The readability factors use ones of the average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is difficult, because it is complex sentence. Although it has complex sentence consist of the vocabulary that variety and the sentence is too long, but it is generally easier to understand and using the simple word, so it is easy to understand without the ambiguity factor.

9.      Non equivalent translation

Non equivalent translation is the message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL), it has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (4) non equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in his translation namely, adoption, repetition, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

09/SL1/TL1/NE/UR

Source language

Therefore, common biological or genetic factors, like race, are insignificant in the formation of knowledge schemes and concepts in comparison with those factors that provide the surroundings where the individual developed.

Target language

Oleh karena itu, faktor biologis atau genetik umum, seperti ras, tidak signifikan dalam pembentukan skema pengetahuan dan konsep dibandingkan dengan faktor-faktor yang memberikan lingkungan di mana individu berkembang.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates the nonequivalent translation and also non readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of deletion, repetition, adaptation, class shift and intra-system shift. She uses strategy of adaptation which the shift from which is:

a.       Biological(Adj) into biologis(Adj)

b.      Genetic(Adj) into genetic(Adj)

c.       Significant(Adj) into signifikan(Adj)

d.      Scheme(N) into skema(N)

e.       Concept(N) into konsep(N)

f.       Factor(N) into factor(N)

It doesn’t undergoes the shift in the category of shift, and it is performed the different spelling and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English to singular in Indonesian likes:

a.       Concepts(N)  into konsep(N)

b.      Factors(N)  into faktor(N)

c.       Schemes(N)  into skema(N)

d.      Surroundings(N)  into lingkungan(N)

Besides, the deletion is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the misinterpretation like “those factors” into “faktor-faktor” (omission of “those”, in Indonesian is “itu”) and she uses by convention that the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun factor-faktor (faktors). This is not equivalent translation between the SL and TL in deleting word. Although she uses five (5) above strategies, but this text has not represented that this TL is unread ability to reader. The non readability factors use the average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is rather difficult, by using the complex sentence and difficult in understanding the content aim of the TL text, so reader can’t understanding what the meant of the text.

10.  Non equivalent translation

Non equivalent translation is the message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL), it has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (4) non equivalent data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in his translation namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

10/SL1/TL1/NE/NR

Source language

In short, one can say that a human being is born without these knowledge schemes and that it is culture that creates them and molds his development.

Target language

Singkatnya, dapat dikatakan bahwa manusia dilahirkan tanpa pengetahuan skema ini dan ini adalah budaya yang menciptakan mereka dan cetakan perkembangannya.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates the nonequivalent translation and also non readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of deletion, repetition, adaptation, class shift, structural shift and intra-system shift. She uses strategy of adaptation which the shift from which is Scheme (N) into skema (N). It doesn’t undergoes the shift in the category of shift and it is performed the different spelling and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English to singular in Indonesian, all of does not undergo the shift likes the following:

a.       Schemes(N)  into skema(N)

b.      Molds(N)  into cetakan(N)

c.       Creates(N)  into menciptakan(N)

Besides, the deletion is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the misinterpretation likes:

a.       In short into singkatnya (omission of word “in”)

b.      One can into dapat (omission of word “one”)

c.       A human being into manusia (omission of word “A”)

d.      And that it is into dan ini adalah(omission of word “that”)

Besides, she also uses the structural shift strategies which is changed the active voice in English into passive voice in Indonesian “Say” into “dikatakan”. Using in the strategies of class shift which is not suitable to interpretation in the TL, the noun form “knowledge” into “pengetahuan” and “scheme” into “skema”. It does not undergo the shift of meaning precisely it will make the ambiguity the translation.  Although she uses six (6) above strategies, but this text has not represented that this TL is non readability to reader. The non readability factors use the average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is rather difficult, by using the complex sentence and difficult in understanding the content aim of TL, so reader can’t understanding what the meant of the TL.

11.  Non equivalent translation

Non equivalent translation is the message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL), it has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (5) non equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in his translation namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

11/SL1/TL1/NE/NR

Source language

We can also think of translation from a second, contrary perspective, that of universal rationalism.

Target language

Kita juga bisa memikirkan terjemahan dari perspektif kedua, sebaliknya, yaitu rasionalisme universal.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates the nonequivalent translation and also non readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of deletion, addition, adaptation, class shift, and adoption. The adaptation which the shift from (N) to (N) which is “perspective” into noun “perspektif” and noun to noun of rationalism into rasionalisme. “Rationalism” is called nouns marked by suffix -(i)sm refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-. It doesn’t undergoes the shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of class shift which the shift from auxiliary verb “can” in English to subordinate “juga” in Indonesian and otherwise “also” into “dapat” and the shift from noun phrase (NP) to NP which is “Universal Rationalism” to “rasionalisme universal”, it is derived from noun “universal” into noun “rasionalisme” and noun “rasionalisme” into noun “universal”. Besides, she also uses adoption in also used by the translator which be shown without the change of the spelling or the words like universal into universal. In English universal is (N) and the Indonesian is (N) too, but it doesn’t cause that is shift from N to N. The addition is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the misinterpretation like “From a second” into “dari perspektif kedua” into. The last strategies, deletion is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the misinterpretation like Contrary perspective into sebaliknya (omission of word “perspective”). It undergoes the shift which will make the ambiguity the translation. Although she uses five (5) above strategies, but this text has not represented that this TL is non readability to reader. The non readability factors use the average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is rather difficult, by using the complex sentence and difficult in understanding the content aim of TL, so reader can’t understanding what the meant of the TL.

12.  Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are ten (10) equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

12/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

Universal rationalism proposes a biological and psychological determinism.

Target language

Rasionalisme Universal mengusulkan sebuah determinisme biologis dan psikologis

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation, adoption, intra-system shift and class shift. The adaptation is done from which is:

a.       Rationalism(N) into rasionalisme(N)

b.      Determinism(N) into determinisme(N)

c.       Biological(Adj) into biologis(Adj)

d.      Psychological(Adj) into psikologis(Adj)

All of them does not undergo the shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and written. Besides, she also uses adoption in also used by the translator which be shown without the change of the spelling or the words like universal into universal. In English universal is N and the Indonesian is N too, but it doesn’t cause that is shift from noun to noun. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English “Proposes”  to singular in Indonesian “menetapkan”. After that, she uses class shift which are:

a.      Biological and psychological determinism into determinisme biologis dan psikologis

The shift Biological and psychological(Adj) into determinisme(N), determinism(N) into biologis dan psikologis(Adj). It undergoes the shift in the category Adj to N of SL into TL, but it is performed the different meaning.

a.       Universal rationalism/rasionalisme universal

The shift derived from noun phrase (NP) to NP which is “Universal Rationalism” to “rasionalisme universal”. It is derived from noun “universal” into noun “rasionalisme” and noun “rasionalisme” into noun “universal”.

Although she uses only four (4) above strategies, but it has represented the translation from the SL to the TL. The readability factors use ones of the average length of 8 (eight) sentence is easy and has the simple word, so it is generally easier to understand and without the ambiguity factor.

13.  Equivalent translation

Equivalent translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There are ten (10) equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.

13/SL1/TL1/E/R

Source language

This theory advocates nativism, which homogenizes all human practices and concepts, while diversity is relatively superficial and of secondary importance.

Target language

Teori ini pendukung nativisme, yang menyeragamkan semua praktek manusia dan konsep-konsep, sementara keragaman relatif dangkal dan kepentingan sekunder.

From the data above the writer suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation, repetition, intra-system shift, level shift and class shift. The adaptation is done from noun to noun such as:

a.       Nativism(N) into nativisme(N)

b.      Theory(N) into teori(N)

c.       Relatively(Adv) into relatif(N)

The datum of “a and b” does not undergo the shift in the category of shift, but the datum of “c” does undergo, it is performed the different spelling and written. After this, she uses by convention that the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun konsep-konsep (Concepts). She also uses the strategies of level shift which is in English Full verb “Diversity is relatively superficial” into Indonesian NP keragaman relatif dangkal. Furthermore, she uses strategy of class shift which the shift from like:

a.       This theory/Teori ini

The shift this(Adj) into teori(N), theory(N) into ini(Adj). It undergoes the shift in the category (Adj to N) of SL into TL.

b.      Human practices/praktek manusia

The shift human(N) into praktek(N), practice(N) into manusia(N)