FEBRI ASTUTI A320090 185/E

Traditional Grammar

Traditional grammar or school grammar derived from Greek, adopted by the Romans. Traditional grammar based on analyzing the language of philosophy and semantics, while based on the structural grammatical structure or formal characteristics that exist in certain languages. In formulating a verb, for example, traditional grammar says verbs are words that express action or event, whereas the structural state grammar verb is a word that can be distributed with the phrase

Medieval Linguistic Study

The world of Thrax, Dyscolus and Varro was a comparatively orderly one, which favored the flow of information and the development of the scholarly ideas of one predecessor.

Baethiusà the greatest single influence in the area of education in Western Europe, he composed original work on logic, theology, philosophy etc.  he introduced the problem of universals to medieval Europe.

Piter Heliasà he discussed word formation and construction. There is case in Latin, the property of a word being inflected or derived in one way or another, because of the different ways of speaking about the same thing. The affixed inflectional morphemes are normative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative and vocative. Another scholar who is Priscianu Roma, who taught Latin grammar in Constatinople in the 5th century it was considered in a systematic field of study and create a detailed description of the language used in ancient Latin literature. Helias considered grammar both an art and a science. Grammar has two characteristics: since art, its most-fundamental principle and assumptions will be the consequence of human choice and not interpersonal necessity.

Petrus Hipanusà his language is the communication of all of these stages of knowledge. His book is Summulae, defining his discipline as “art of arts and science of sciences. He was distinction between categorematic (which appeal to the Stoic use of kategorema for the finite form verb or predicate) and syncategorematic (all of the expression except noun and verb). He also distinguished between principle signification and consignification, substantival and adjectival. Appellation is the interpretation of a term for an existent object. The signification is consisting of the basic a conceptual; supposition is individual instance to which the concept applies.

The Modistae

In the 13th century, there is a group of scholars called the Modistae philosophy. Modistae word comes from the mode, mode or mood, which means the way of how things could exist. The Modistae was always troubled by the philosophical problems that always arise in their minds. The philosophical concepts Modistae bring it into the draft language. The result is the study of language in a grammar based on logic. They believe that language has the most universal nature, and only a small part of a special nature. Two agreements are: the basic kinds of modes and principally expressed.

Etymology

One way in which the meaning of an expression was assigned by the medieval-method still often used today. According Isidore, Etymology is the original word whence the meaning of a noun or verb is gathered by interpretation. Grammar is the science of correct speaking, the original and basis of the liberal art.

Prescriptive Grammar

Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used. "The prescriptive grammarians went out of their way to invent as many rules as possible which might distinguish polite from impolite speech. They didn't find very many--just a few dozen, a tiny number compared with all the thousands of rules of grammar that operate in English. But these rules were propounded with maximum authority and severity, and given plausibility by the claim that they were going to help people to be clear and precise. As a result, generations of school children would be taught them, and confused by them.

One of the better-developed accounts is found is George Campbell. Campbell aggred with Lowth’s basic answer to Swift’s complaint that “in many instances our language offends against every part of grammar”.

Traditional Grammar vs Linguistics

By Traditional grammar is meant  the basically Aristotelian orientation toward the nature of language as exemplified in the work of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the speculative work of medieval and prescriptive approach 18^th century grammarians. By linguistics is meant the empirical structure approach to language as represented principally by American linguistics 1940s to mid-1950.

Traditional Grammar

Structural Grammar

—  T.G study language in relation to other disciplines. —  Study is not an autonomous subject.  —  T.G explains how features of language are related to the human beings. —  T.G pays more attention to the written form of the language —  T.G is prescriptive. —  T.G is interested more in syntax. —  T.G puts emphasis on grammar than on any other aspect of the language. —  T.G deals with language mostly from the diachronic point of view. —  No notational conventions were used.

—  Linguistics study language as a complex and organized system of communication. —  Language study is an autonomous subject. —  Linguistics explains how features of language are related to each other. —  Linguistics puts emphasis on the spoken medium. —  Linguistics is descriptive. —  Linguistics has a brooder scope for research. —  Linguistics analyses all the aspects of language. —  Linguistics assumes that synchronic study has a priority over diachronic study. —  Specific notational conventions used to refer to the data of language.

Traditional Grammar (Strength): —  Distinctions: It distinguishes rational, emotional and conventional types of discourse in theory, if not in grammatical practice. —  Through it, ordinary students and scholars have mastered many languages successfully for centuries. —  It is well understood, and applied by most of those who teach it and have studied it. Traditional Grammar (Weaknesses): —  Inconsistency: Its rules are based frequently on illogical ground. —  Exclusion: It excludes usages which are not applicable to it rules by referring to it as: “ungrammatical”, “exceptions”, “idioms”. —  Subjectivity: Some languages are more sophisticated and cultured than other.

Structural Grammar (Strength): —  Empirical: A study that examines speech and writing forms through a justifiable operation. —  Objectivity: All the languages are equal. —  Universality: All the languages share aspects beside their uniqueness. Structural Grammar (Weaknesses): —  It has produced no complete grammars comparing to the exhaustive treatments by the traditional methods. Concentrating on critical studies of how grammars should be written. —  Only description of language was the concern of linguistics, however, this situation has changed in recent years.

               

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