Febri Astuti A 320090 185/E (DA Assignment 1)

1.      Explain in your own words what discourse study is. To answer the question: first examine the three texts (under the activity 1a 1b and 1c) in the book "Discourse Analysis" by David Nunan (page 1-2).

Discourse study is study on the way in interpreting a meaningful text and it makes a communication event or speech event both a verbal communication and non-verbal communication.

1a. BUJUMBURA-It said in a statement on Sunday that 135 people were killed in the capital BUJUMBURA and surrounding areas and 137 more in the northern provinces of Citiboke and Bubanza. The government said order had been restored but security forces were still on alert for attacks from rebels of the party for the Liberation of the Hutu People.  Burundi has said 272 people were killed in clashes between security forces and rebels which flared a week ago in the central African nation.

The answer:

In the above text is an article quote. The article intends to inform of news to readers. By reading the text the reader will indirectly analyze the purpose of the above text. Text consisting of topic of Bujumbura, the time is Sunday in Bujumbura capital. The elements can be called a discourse.

By analyzing the intent discourse of the above, the reader can get the information be intended. The above forms of discourse belongs to the descriptive discourse, so rarely found that the conjunctions between sentences. In this sentence stand alone, but form a coherent unity. Each of these sentences is related.

1b. LIMA- At least 20 members of the Shining Path rebel organization were killed over the weekend armed by the government, police said on Monday. Police also said that two people had been killed by rebels- a rancher who had refused to give them money and another man accused of being an informer. The rebels said they planned to enforce what they called an “armed strike “ yesterday  and today to mark the 57^th birthday of Abimael Guzman, the former university professor who founded Shining Path.

The answer:

As the initial explanation of the above (1a) above article is part of the discourse that has elements in it. To identify the discourse needs for more detailed analysis. Discourse above is intended to clarify to the first news in order to more detailed and clear.

1c. At least 14 people dead on Saturday after drinking a cheap alcoholic beverage, raising to 20 the number of people killed by the poisonous brew in two days, news reports said. The quake measured 5.7 on the Richter scale and was felt shortly before 10.50 am (08.50 GMT) Bucharest radio quoted an official report as saying. Judge Neil Dennison said Robert Phee. 23, a technician on the hit musical “Miss Saigon”, was “gripped by the excitement and theatrically” of his eight robberies which netted him 15.000 pounds.

The answer:

While the coherence, this article is coherent also low, because the meaning can become ambiguous in the reader.

2.      Choose one short article in English from a newspaper and find the cohesion and deixis used within the article. Make the interpretation of the meaning of each kind of cohesion and deixis throughout the context of the text.

Fauzi Bowo pockets first party's support ahead of elections

a.       The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sun, 03/11/2012 1:26 PM

1.      The National Awakening Party’s (PKB) Jakarta chapter announced on Saturday its full support for Fauzi Bowo, running for his second term in office, making it the first political party in the city to announce its support for the incumbent Governor.

2.      “The PKB’s Jakarta chapter has decided to support Fauzi Bowo at the upcoming gubernatorial election,” Jakarta’s PKB chief, Zainal Arifin Naim, said as quoted by beritajakarta.com.

3.      Zainal said Fauzi had proved himself and he was considered someone who understood the complexity of Jakarta’s problems.

4.      It was, therefore, expected that Fauzi could improve things even further with a second term in office.

5.      “We think he is the right person to lead Jakarta,” Zainal said.

6.      The PKB holds the smallest number of seats within Jakarta's Regional House of Representatives, having secured only one out of 94 seats.

7.      To be able to name a pair of candidates to run in the election, political parties or a coalition of parties need to have garnered more than 15 percent of the vote during the 2009 Legislative Election or have more than 15 seats in the council.

8.      To this date, the Golkar Party has announced South Sumatra Governor Alex Noerdin as its Jakarta gubernatorial candidate with former marine commander, Lt. Gen.(ret) Nono Sampono, as the deputy governor candidate.(hwa/dic)

DEIXIS

Ø  Personal Deixis

-          In the above article (sentence 1, 2, 3 and 4) that is Fauzi Bowo as singular third person.

-          Then it still (sentence 1) to his second change position of Fauzi Bowo as governor in Jakarta again, his second as singular third person.

-          Zainal Arifin Naim (sentence 2) is same person with Zainal (sentence 3, 5) as singular third person.

-          Himself (sentence 3) change Fauzi Bowo as a singular third person.

-          He (sentence 3, 5) changes Fauzi Bowo as a singular third person.

-          We (sentence 5) change Zainal and society in Jakarta as a plural third person, it is not first person because We had said as direct quotation by Zainal.

-          And Alex Noerdin and Nono Sampono (sentence 8) is as singular third person.

Ø  Temporal Deixis

-          To this date show (sentence 8) that Golkar Party had also announced South Sumatra Governor.

-          And this article had made at Saturday (sentence 1) 03/110/2012 emphasize to The National Awakening Party’s (PKB) Jakarta chapter announced its full support for Fauzi Bowo.

-          This article (sentence a) had announced in Newspaper The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sun, 03/11/2012 1:26 PM. 

Ø  Spatial Deixis

That language article shows the relationship between space and the location of the participants in the office in Jakarta especially council office as what Zainal said was in (sentence 1).

Ø  Social Deixis

-          In this article from the names that appear are called only by his real name, this is done because the goal to get a close kinship besides it has been socialized, so that only the name without a title can be described as a harmony in the situation but also call directly his name “Zainal, Fauzi and he” (sentence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8).

-          This article also be found absolute deictics (sentence 8) are forms uniformly attached to a social role (e.g. Lt. Gen.(ret) Nono Sampono).

Ø  Discourse Deixis

-          Its (sentence 1) change PKB, and its (sentence 1) change running for his second term in office.

-          In (sentence 8) shows that this date emphasize when the announcement of candidate is done as announcement in Saturday like in sentence 1. 

COHESION

1)      Substitution

Its (sentence 1) is replacement of The National Awakening Party’s (PKB) Jakarta chapter.

It (sentence 1) is interpreted of running for his second term in office.

It (sentence 4) explains to the complexity of Jakarta’s problems.

2)      Ellipsis

In (sentence 2) “said (….)”, this sentence was found the omission of the word he is replacement by Zainal Arifin as Jakarta’s PKB chief.

3)      Reference

-          In (sentence 3) he replaces to a previous pronoun that is Fauzi and it is called anaphoric reference.

-          In (sentence 5) he shows to a previous pronoun that is Fauzi in (sentence 4), it can be called anaphoric reference too.

-          Someone in (sentence 3) emphasize to a before pronoun that is Fauzi. So all of them is called anaphoric reference, because it replaces in before pronoun.

4)      Conjunction

Therefore in (sentence 4) consisting of complex sentence (main clause and subordinate clause) that is each related, it is meant as hypotactic.

5)      Lexical cohesion

There five types of reiteration:

1.      Repetition,

-          Every sentence the writer finds a repetition such as Support, Announce (sentence 1),

-          The PKB’s Jakarta (sentence 2), Seats (sentence 6), Parties, More than 15 (sentence 7) and Candidate (sentence 8).

2.      Synonymy,

-          The analysis of synonym can be found in (sentence 1) the incumbent Governor emphasizes of Fauzi Bowo.

-          In (sentence 2) can be found that Jakarta’s PKB chief similarity with the lead of Zainal Arifin Naim.

-          In (sentence 3) it is proved similarity with considered,

-          In (sentence 5) the word of the right person closes he as Fauzi Bowo.

-          In (sentence 6) also can be shown of the smallest number of seats refers to one out of 94 seats. And the last (sentence 7) is vote same with election.

3.      Hyponymy,

In sentence 8 that Party consisting of Golkar, PKB.

4.      Metonymy,

-          In (sentence 6) metonymy is the word 94 seats, it means a chance to be council.

-          Besides in (sentence 7) are 15 seats in the council. It is sense a chance to be able to name a pair of candidates to run in the election.

5.      Antonyms.

It is not found in that article.

Collocation

In sentence 7 has same surrounding like Political parties or a coalition of parties and Election or Seats.