DA

 

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Conversation Analysis

  

Proposed by:

Febri Astuti         A 320090 185

Rieka Sugiarti     A 320090 167

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2012

Context

Daily conversation between Febri and Rika on Psychology campus when the practice of Drama at 20:18 pm when the atmosphere is noisy at Wednesday 28^th May 2012. They're talking about an assignment for tomorrow at Tuesday 29^th May 2012. The speaker’s condition tired but still in a happy situation.

1.      Febri    : Hai // Rika:::

2.      Rika     :        //Hai:::

3.      Febri    : Good NIGHT?

4.      Rika     : Good night too.

5.      Febri    : Oh, How are you toDAY? Oh no-no how are YOU? How are you?

6.      Rika     : I’m fine and YO//u?

7.      Febri    :                            //Em…((Brooding))I’m fine thanks. But a:::How ABOut

your assignment for:::toDAY?

8.      Rika     : Um…It’s so difficult((Brooding))//RM Ling, Micro//(0,2)huh//(0,2) oh ye

I’m so tired. Hoh:::((Grimming))

9.      Febri    :                                                    //RM Ling.            //Oh         //I’m sorry

to hear that:::((Laughing)). Yes it’s SAMe with ME. I must exercise and Try:: to//drama:::YEs AS munchKIN you KNOW? MUNCHKIN//hihihi     

10.  Rika     :            //drama                                                                                  //no-no

11.  Febri    : RIK! Owo..Uh! You are so BAD friend ((Staring))! feBRI ((Screaming))

12.  Febri    : hey. feBRI ((Screaming))

13.  Febri    : heY. hAY Rika good go:::a-a-a:::NO-NO-NO em...see you next

TODAY.A::: See you next tomoRROW//TODAY yeah toDAY today today em:::

14.  Rika     :                                                                    //uh                                                 

15.  Rika     : oh YEah see YOU see YOU see You

16.  Febri    : Bye//bye bye:::((Waving))

17.  Rika     :        //Bye bye bye:::((Waving))

1.      Character and characterization

From the conversation it can be inferred Febri is speaker 1 (O1) that Febri is a type of active and attentive person because Febri takes the floor immediately after Rika says that’s about all this around conversation. Febri always does the overlap in conversation occurs when Rika is speaker 2 (O2) says “I’m fine and YOu?” (see 6^th) at the same time of Febri’s answer “Em (backchannel)” (see 7^th).

Febri is also a type of tolerant person because she is patient to wait the intended speaker 2 (Rika). This is shown that Rika thinks carefully like the backchannel “Um” (see 8^th) and to Rika may imply that her need of time to think before uttering “It’s so difficult” (see 8^th), do the hesitation (0,2 seconds) “huh”, ”oh ye” (see 8^th).  This can be inferred that Rika as O2 is a type of a passive person because she is talk less to think before giving judgment of her choice.

2.      Aspect of Conversation

a.       Turn taking which is the change of speaker during conversation.

The second utterance is a response to the first Febri’s utterance has the form as the greeting to Rika (see 1^st and 2^nd), while Rika’s reply is also in the form of a statement but its functions is as his answer to Febri’s greeting.

See 3^rd “Good night?” is as greeting and see 4^th “good night too” as answer of greeting.

See 7^th “Em…I’m fine thanks. but a:::how about your assignment for...today” as a bit complain to Rika’s question that Febri’s condition is tired.

 See 8 as a bit complain to Febri’s question that Rika’s assignment is still much. Rika’s condition is brooding.

See 9^th is as mocking to Rika and see 10^th is as rejection to Febri’s question.  

See 12^th and 13^th are function response to another person who was called Febri and 13^th is an agreeing to Rika that Febri would see her again tomorrow at Tuesday 29^th May 2012.

See 15^th, 16^th, 17^th is function as closing of agreeing.

b.      Insertion sequence which is a two part sequence that comes between the first and the second parts of another sequence in conversation.

See 6^th contains of answer and insertion of question “and You?”. See 7^th is insertion of question “But, how about your assignment for today?”. See 9^th is insertion of question to “As munchkin you know?”. See 11^th and 12^th are insertion of screaming “Febri?”, it means that Febri must continue to drama exercise as Munchkin.

c.       Besides that using the uppercase aims to emphasize utterance intended.

In order to it is important topic such as (3^rd, 5^th, 6^th, 7^th, 9^th, 11^th, 12^th, 13^th, 15^th ) NIGHT, YOu, ABOut, munsKIN, MUNSKIN, KNOW, BAD, FeBRI, HAY, RIK, NO, TODAY, tomoRROW, YEah and RM ling is abbreviation of Research Method of Linguistics. It is not as uppercase.

d.      The participants know well the rule of their turn in the conversation because each speaker takes her floor directly and high involvement style which is shown by overlapping (see 2^nd, 7^th, 9^th, 10^th, 14^th, 17^th) way of taking part in conversation, in this conversation uses a lot of interruption.

e.       Backchannels is vocal indications of attention.

 “Em” (see 7^th) it means brooding, the speaker’s condition is sullen and “Um” (see 8^th) it means Rika thinks before judging the utterance “it’s so difficult”. See 8^th “Huh, Oh ye, Hoh” it means griming.

See 11^th “Uh” it means annoying. See 13^th “Em” it means correct of the mistake. See 14^th and 15^th “Uh, Oh” it means agreeing.

f.       Adjacency pair is a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation.

That conversation contains question and answer. One of the multiple functions can be combined in one (see 16^th) “bye”. In the following excerpt it can be seen that “bye” (see 17^th) serves as both a topic closing and as a declaration of intent to closing conversation.

g.      Overlapping (see 2^nd, 7^th, 9^th, 10^th, 14^th, 17^th) which is revealed speaker’s type, that is active or passive.

h.      Bracket, the function to enclose non verbal language. See 7^th, 8^th, 9^th, 11^th, 12^th, 16^th, 17^th.

i.        Lengthening is as style in conversation, it can be shown by the length vocal. The example in 1^st, 2^nd, 7^th, 8^th, 9^th, 13^th, 16^th, 17^th.

j.        Short hesitation, the function to get attention to other speaker. In 8^th, and 13^th.

3.      Structural of Conversation

The conversation consists of question and answer. The structural can be explained as follows:

1.      Question (Greeting)

2.      Answer

3.      Question (Greeting)

4.      Answer

5.      Question (Greeting)

6.      Answer

Question (Insertion sequence)

7.      Answer (Brooding)

Question (Insertion sequence)

8.      Answer (Brooding)

9.      Answer (Laughing)

Question (Insertion sequence)

10.  Answer (Kidding)

11.  Answer (Staring)

Screaming (Insertion sequence)

12.  Answer

Screaming (Insertion sequence)

13.  Agreeing (Closing)

14.  Agreeing (Response)

15.  Answer (Closing)

16.  Question (Closing)

17.  Answer (Closing)

semungut 45,,,,

ujian di depan mata....semungutdh.....

DA Assignment 2_Febri Astuti A 320090 185_E

Writing Summary by Fitri Nurwiyanti

1)      An article in Campus magazine entitled “Publics Participation For Education” by Miftakhul Khoiri presents the first school Taman Siswa built by Ki Hajar Dewantara.

2)      Education paradigm is growing in Indonesia to fulfill the spirit of education these days.

3)      Citizens should get competent education.

4)      Education is responsibility by government and the side of private sector individual and group.

5)      Because of limited cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better than government schools.

6)      Supported by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it also promises the good management on its education.

7)      Indonesia has pesantren as education system (Islamic boarding house models).

8)      It is classified into two models: First Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can stay and study freely.

9)      They study about Islamic science for the sake of individual and public.

10)  The traditional pesantren still be one choice by our society under class social.

11)  Second, Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students.

12)  They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.

13)  They are prepared to face the era that always changes.

14)  Without being realized, the friction could happen from motivation of organizer and management of existing education.

15)  To get the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children.

16)  Poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.

17)  Government and private sector individually and group have big homework to repair their education inspect that aims on making organization of education.

18)  I agree with the writer who says that about publics participation for education is important.

19)  He says that the education not only managed by government, but also the society who has contribution to build education together, about how they create good education, both the facilities, system and soon.

20)  The government should think that all the society level can enjoy education reasonably.

21)  Moreover, to get good education with equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man’s children.

22)  I think that the middle society should optimalize brilliant brain to be able to compete with others.

23)  The writer says that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education.

24)   I think that this statement is true.  

25)  The government and the private school should really provide scholarship for the students who have competence to enjoy education.

1)      Conjunction

·         “first” is called temporal conjunction to show the events in the text (sentence 1).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 4).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 5).

·         In this type “because of” of conjunction, the relationship is one of cause and consequence and it can be called cause-effect conjunction (sentence 5).

·         In this type “because” of conjunction, the relationship is one of cause and consequence and it can be called cause and effect conjunction (sentence 6).

·         “first” is called temporal conjunction to show the events in the text (sentence 8).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 8).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 9).

·         “second” is called temporal conjunction to show the events in the text (sentence 11).

·         In this type “because” of conjunction, the relationship is one of cause and consequence and it can be called hypotactic conjunction (sentence 11).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 11).

·         “not only but also” is called subordinate conjunction (sentence 12).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 12).

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 13).

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 14).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 15).

·         Here “and” “also” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 15). 

·         “that” explain the meant, it can before is the purpose of preparing, it is called introductory clause (sentence 15). 

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 17). 

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 17). 

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 18).

·         “not only but also” is called subordinate conjunction (sentence 19).

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 19).

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 20).

·         “moreover” is called temporal conjunction to show the events in the text are related in terms of the timing of their occurrence (sentence 21).

·         Here “and” “also” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 21). 

·          “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 22).

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called introductory clause (sentence 23).

·         “that” explain the meant before is the purpose of preparing, it can called be hypotactic conjunction (sentence 24).

·         Here “and” signals the presentation of additional information called additive conjunction (sentence 25).

Using 11 additive conjunctions.

2)      Reference

·         In sentence 2 “these” as replacement of the day where education paradigm is growing called comparative reference.

·         “supported (0)” is meant to what the supported to develop business education (sentence 6), it is called demonstrative reference (sentence 6).

·         “this” change of the business education in sentence 5 which complete and good facilities called anaphoric reference (sentence 6).

·         “it” replace by “complete and good facilities” called anaphoric reference (sentence 6).

·         In sentence 6 “its” changes of develop business education in sentence 5 called anaphoric reference.

·         “it” replace by “education system” in sentence 7 called anaphoric reference which pesantren (sentence 8).

·         “it” replace by “ traditional pesantren” called anaphoric reference which pesantren (sentence 8).

·         “they” refers to “pesantren”, it is anaphoric reference which emphasize to the backward (sentence 9).

·         “one choice” replace by “the traditional pesantren” in sentence 7 called anaphoric reference (sentence 10).

·         it” replace by “ modern pesantren” called anaphoric reference which pesantren (sentence 11).

·         “they” refers to “pesantren”, it is anaphoric reference which emphasize to the backward (sentence 12).

·          “they”  it is anaphoric reference which emphasize to the backward of “pesantren” (sentence 13).

·         “they”  it is anaphoric reference which emphasize to the backward of “pesantren” (sentence 15).

·         “they” refers to “poor people to power of bargaining”, it is anaphoric reference which emphasize to the backward (sentence 16).

·         “their” the poor people, it is both of anaphoric and cataphoric reference, poor and rich man (sentence 16).

·         I as anaphoric reference especially Fitri (sentence 18).

·         The writer as Miftakhul, it is anaphoric reference (sentence 18).

·         “he” is points to before pronoun of the writer “Fitri”, it can be called anaphoric reference (sentence 19). 

·         He as anaphoric reference as Miftaklhu (sentence 19).

·         “they” refers to “government and private sector” it is anaphoric reference (sentence 21).

·         Others refer to the citizen (sentence22) it is anaphoric reference.

·         “they” refers to “the poor people” it is anaphoric reference which emphasize to a previously mentioned entity (sentence 23).

·         “the writer” replace by Miftakhul, it is anaphoric reference (sentence 23).

·         “I” replace by Fitri as the writer, it is anaphoric reference (sentence 24).

3)      Ellipsis

·         In sentence 1 before “present” it should be “who is” to emphasize of who is the present of the first school Taman Siswa it is called ellipsis.

·         In sentence 3 “component education” as clausal ellipsis that presents the component education what maybe component education which is spirit.

·         “the side(0)” the zero ellipsis can be replaced by responsibility (sentence 4). “and(0)” emphasize to “private sector”.

·         “limited cost(0)” the zero ellipsis can be replaced by “education” (sentence 4).

·         “Government school(0)” it is meant government school in Indonesia (sentence 5).

·         “can stay (0)” is meant to whom that stay, it can be meant stay of the traditional method (sentence 8) ellipsis.

·         “individu and public(0)” is meant to study in Indonesia (sentence 9) ellipsis.

·         “study freely(0)” is meant to study in Indonesia (sentence 8) ellipsis.

·         “always changes(0)” refers to “Biology, Mathematics, Physics etc” (sentence 13).

·         “without(0)” emphasize to the change of the era, it is called ellipsis (sentence 14).

·         Friction(0) of the free of traditional pesantren, it is ellipsis(sentence 14).

·          “that(0)” it meant of the writer in the zero ellipsis (sentence 18).  

·         “enjoy education reasonably(0)” the zero changed to in Indonesia” (sentence 20).

·         “true(0)” it points to true statement, so it is ellipsis (sentence 24).

·         Enjoy education(0) emphasize enjoy education in Indonesia, it is  ellipsis (sentence 25).

4)      Lexical cohesion

There five types of reiteration:

“science” consisting of Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art, is called general word reiteration.

1.      Repetition,

·         Repetition of “by” (sentence 1) to stress its importance.

·         Repetition of “education”, “open”, “school”, “government” (sentence 5) to stress its importance.

·         Repetition of “good” (sentence 6) to stress its importance.

·         Repetition of “student” (sentence 8) to stress its importance.

·         Repetition of “get” (sentence 15) to stress its importance.

·         Repetition of education (sentence 19) to stress its importance.

·         Repetition of “get” (sentence 21).

2.      Synonymy,

·         In the sentence 1 “an article” replace of “Publics Participation For Education” ,it is to understanding comprehension.

·         In sentence 1 “taman siswa” refers to Ki Hajar Dewantara, it is to understanding comprehension.

·         In sentence 2 “education paradigm” replace “Indonesia” called synonymy.

·         The synonymy “pesantren” to “Islamic boarding house models” (sentence 7)

·         Synonymy of build and created (sentence 19).

3.      Hyponymy,

Sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art (sentence 12).

4.      Metonymy,

It is not found.

5.      Antonyms.

·         Antonyms of poor people vs. rich man in sentence 16.

Collocation

·         Collocation of “school”, “course”, “education” (sentence 5).

Febri Astuti A 320090 185/E (DA Assignment 1)

1.      Explain in your own words what discourse study is. To answer the question: first examine the three texts (under the activity 1a 1b and 1c) in the book "Discourse Analysis" by David Nunan (page 1-2).

Discourse study is study on the way in interpreting a meaningful text and it makes a communication event or speech event both a verbal communication and non-verbal communication.

1a. BUJUMBURA-It said in a statement on Sunday that 135 people were killed in the capital BUJUMBURA and surrounding areas and 137 more in the northern provinces of Citiboke and Bubanza. The government said order had been restored but security forces were still on alert for attacks from rebels of the party for the Liberation of the Hutu People.  Burundi has said 272 people were killed in clashes between security forces and rebels which flared a week ago in the central African nation.

The answer:

In the above text is an article quote. The article intends to inform of news to readers. By reading the text the reader will indirectly analyze the purpose of the above text. Text consisting of topic of Bujumbura, the time is Sunday in Bujumbura capital. The elements can be called a discourse.

By analyzing the intent discourse of the above, the reader can get the information be intended. The above forms of discourse belongs to the descriptive discourse, so rarely found that the conjunctions between sentences. In this sentence stand alone, but form a coherent unity. Each of these sentences is related.

1b. LIMA- At least 20 members of the Shining Path rebel organization were killed over the weekend armed by the government, police said on Monday. Police also said that two people had been killed by rebels- a rancher who had refused to give them money and another man accused of being an informer. The rebels said they planned to enforce what they called an “armed strike “ yesterday  and today to mark the 57^th birthday of Abimael Guzman, the former university professor who founded Shining Path.

The answer:

As the initial explanation of the above (1a) above article is part of the discourse that has elements in it. To identify the discourse needs for more detailed analysis. Discourse above is intended to clarify to the first news in order to more detailed and clear.

1c. At least 14 people dead on Saturday after drinking a cheap alcoholic beverage, raising to 20 the number of people killed by the poisonous brew in two days, news reports said. The quake measured 5.7 on the Richter scale and was felt shortly before 10.50 am (08.50 GMT) Bucharest radio quoted an official report as saying. Judge Neil Dennison said Robert Phee. 23, a technician on the hit musical “Miss Saigon”, was “gripped by the excitement and theatrically” of his eight robberies which netted him 15.000 pounds.

The answer:

While the coherence, this article is coherent also low, because the meaning can become ambiguous in the reader.

2.      Choose one short article in English from a newspaper and find the cohesion and deixis used within the article. Make the interpretation of the meaning of each kind of cohesion and deixis throughout the context of the text.

Fauzi Bowo pockets first party's support ahead of elections

a.       The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sun, 03/11/2012 1:26 PM

1.      The National Awakening Party’s (PKB) Jakarta chapter announced on Saturday its full support for Fauzi Bowo, running for his second term in office, making it the first political party in the city to announce its support for the incumbent Governor.

2.      “The PKB’s Jakarta chapter has decided to support Fauzi Bowo at the upcoming gubernatorial election,” Jakarta’s PKB chief, Zainal Arifin Naim, said as quoted by beritajakarta.com.

3.      Zainal said Fauzi had proved himself and he was considered someone who understood the complexity of Jakarta’s problems.

4.      It was, therefore, expected that Fauzi could improve things even further with a second term in office.

5.      “We think he is the right person to lead Jakarta,” Zainal said.

6.      The PKB holds the smallest number of seats within Jakarta's Regional House of Representatives, having secured only one out of 94 seats.

7.      To be able to name a pair of candidates to run in the election, political parties or a coalition of parties need to have garnered more than 15 percent of the vote during the 2009 Legislative Election or have more than 15 seats in the council.

8.      To this date, the Golkar Party has announced South Sumatra Governor Alex Noerdin as its Jakarta gubernatorial candidate with former marine commander, Lt. Gen.(ret) Nono Sampono, as the deputy governor candidate.(hwa/dic)

DEIXIS

Ø  Personal Deixis

-          In the above article (sentence 1, 2, 3 and 4) that is Fauzi Bowo as singular third person.

-          Then it still (sentence 1) to his second change position of Fauzi Bowo as governor in Jakarta again, his second as singular third person.

-          Zainal Arifin Naim (sentence 2) is same person with Zainal (sentence 3, 5) as singular third person.

-          Himself (sentence 3) change Fauzi Bowo as a singular third person.

-          He (sentence 3, 5) changes Fauzi Bowo as a singular third person.

-          We (sentence 5) change Zainal and society in Jakarta as a plural third person, it is not first person because We had said as direct quotation by Zainal.

-          And Alex Noerdin and Nono Sampono (sentence 8) is as singular third person.

Ø  Temporal Deixis

-          To this date show (sentence 8) that Golkar Party had also announced South Sumatra Governor.

-          And this article had made at Saturday (sentence 1) 03/110/2012 emphasize to The National Awakening Party’s (PKB) Jakarta chapter announced its full support for Fauzi Bowo.

-          This article (sentence a) had announced in Newspaper The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sun, 03/11/2012 1:26 PM. 

Ø  Spatial Deixis

That language article shows the relationship between space and the location of the participants in the office in Jakarta especially council office as what Zainal said was in (sentence 1).

Ø  Social Deixis

-          In this article from the names that appear are called only by his real name, this is done because the goal to get a close kinship besides it has been socialized, so that only the name without a title can be described as a harmony in the situation but also call directly his name “Zainal, Fauzi and he” (sentence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8).

-          This article also be found absolute deictics (sentence 8) are forms uniformly attached to a social role (e.g. Lt. Gen.(ret) Nono Sampono).

Ø  Discourse Deixis

-          Its (sentence 1) change PKB, and its (sentence 1) change running for his second term in office.

-          In (sentence 8) shows that this date emphasize when the announcement of candidate is done as announcement in Saturday like in sentence 1. 

COHESION

1)      Substitution

Its (sentence 1) is replacement of The National Awakening Party’s (PKB) Jakarta chapter.

It (sentence 1) is interpreted of running for his second term in office.

It (sentence 4) explains to the complexity of Jakarta’s problems.

2)      Ellipsis

In (sentence 2) “said (….)”, this sentence was found the omission of the word he is replacement by Zainal Arifin as Jakarta’s PKB chief.

3)      Reference

-          In (sentence 3) he replaces to a previous pronoun that is Fauzi and it is called anaphoric reference.

-          In (sentence 5) he shows to a previous pronoun that is Fauzi in (sentence 4), it can be called anaphoric reference too.

-          Someone in (sentence 3) emphasize to a before pronoun that is Fauzi. So all of them is called anaphoric reference, because it replaces in before pronoun.

4)      Conjunction

Therefore in (sentence 4) consisting of complex sentence (main clause and subordinate clause) that is each related, it is meant as hypotactic.

5)      Lexical cohesion

There five types of reiteration:

1.      Repetition,

-          Every sentence the writer finds a repetition such as Support, Announce (sentence 1),

-          The PKB’s Jakarta (sentence 2), Seats (sentence 6), Parties, More than 15 (sentence 7) and Candidate (sentence 8).

2.      Synonymy,

-          The analysis of synonym can be found in (sentence 1) the incumbent Governor emphasizes of Fauzi Bowo.

-          In (sentence 2) can be found that Jakarta’s PKB chief similarity with the lead of Zainal Arifin Naim.

-          In (sentence 3) it is proved similarity with considered,

-          In (sentence 5) the word of the right person closes he as Fauzi Bowo.

-          In (sentence 6) also can be shown of the smallest number of seats refers to one out of 94 seats. And the last (sentence 7) is vote same with election.

3.      Hyponymy,

In sentence 8 that Party consisting of Golkar, PKB.

4.      Metonymy,

-          In (sentence 6) metonymy is the word 94 seats, it means a chance to be council.

-          Besides in (sentence 7) are 15 seats in the council. It is sense a chance to be able to name a pair of candidates to run in the election.

5.      Antonyms.

It is not found in that article.

Collocation

In sentence 7 has same surrounding like Political parties or a coalition of parties and Election or Seats.