Text Analysis of
Text
in Philosophy, Anthropology, and
Linguistics in Translation
Translation
Equivalence and Readability
of Rani
(09185)’s Translation
Presented by:
Febri
Astuti A
3200 90 185/E
English Department School of
Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta
2012
Research
finding
Based
on the data analysis, the writer finds equivalence and non equivalence
translation. The finding shows that there are eleven (11) equivalence data and
four (4) non equivalence data.
1. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent translation is the
message similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language
(SL). There are ten (11) equivalent data from fifteen (15) analysis data. The
translator uses seven (7) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely,
addition, adoption, adaptation, deletion, category shift, structural shift, and
intra-system shift.
01/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
Philosophy, Anthropology, and
Linguistics in Translation
Target
language
Filsafat,
Antropologi, dan Linguistik dalam terjemahan
From the data above the writer
concludes that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach them, she only uses adaptation. The adaptation is done from noun
(N) to noun (N) of:
a. Anthropology
into antropologi
b. Linguistics
into linguistik.
They are called nouns marked by
suffix -(g)y and –(t) ics and both refers to types of science. The adaptation is
indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –gy- into –gi-, tics into –tik-. Although she just uses ones of
the strategies, but it has represented that this TL is readability to reader. The
readability factors use the average length of sentence less than 8 (eight), so
it is very easy to understand.
2. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent translation is the message
similarity between the TL and the SL. There are eleven (11) equivalent data
from fifteen (15) analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in
grasping the equivalence namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion,
category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
02/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
Relativism
and Universal Rationalism
Target language
Relativisme
dan Rasionalisme Universal
From the data above the writer suggests
that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in order to
reach them. She uses strategy of adaptation, adoption and class shift. Firstly,
the adaptation is done from N to N of relativism
into relativisme. They
are called nouns marked by suffix - (i)sm
refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words
from the SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-, it is
called type of a theory. Secondly, the adoption in also used by the translator
which be shown without the change of the spelling or the words like universal into universal. In English universal
is N and the Indonesian is N too. Lastly, she uses strategy of class shift
which the shift from noun phrase (NP) to NP which is “Universal
Rationalism” to “rasionalisme
universal”, it is derived from N “universal” into N “rasionalisme”
and N “rasionalisme” into N “universal”. It does not undergo the
shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different meaning. Although
she just uses some of the strategies, but it has represented that this TL is
readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of
sentence less than 8 (eight) and using the simple word, so it is very easy to
understand.
3. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent
translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the
source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis
data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence
namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift,
structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
03/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
When a translator is faced with a
text, he should take into account that the product of his translation is
directed at people that come from a background which is different from that of
the original target audience.
Target language
Ketika
penerjemah dihadapkan dengan teks, ia harus mempertimbangkan bahwa hasil
terjemahan diarahkan pada orang-orang yang datang dari latar belakang yang
berbeda dari target
pembaca asli.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach it them. She uses strategy of adaptation, deletion, adoption,
repetition and class shift. Firstly, the adaptation is done from N to N of “Text” into “teks”. Secondly, the adoption is also used by the translator which
be shown without the change of the spelling or the words like “Target” into “target”. In English N “target”
and the Indonesian is N too. Thirdly, she uses strategy of class shift
which the shift from:
a. NP
“The original target audience” into
NP “target pembaca
asli”.
It can derived from NP “the original” into N “target”, N “target” into N “pembaca”, and
N “audience” into N “asli”.
It does not undergo the shift in
the category of SL into TL, but it is performed the different meaning. Four,
she uses by convention that the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian
is lexically formed by repetition of N “Orang-orang”
(People) and “Praktek-praktek” (Practices). She also uses the strategies of
deletion which is omission of a lexical item such as:
a. “A translator” into “Penerjemah”, (omission of “A”)
b. “A text” into “teks”, (omission of “A”)
c. “His
translation”
into “terjemahan”,
(omission
of “his”)
d. “A
background”
into” latar belakang”.
(omission of “A”)
Besides
the category shift especially level shift of full verb phrase (VP) “Take
into account”
into Verb “mempertimbangkan”. This is
also required due to the shift of voice and lexical to avoid misinterpretation.
With
using some above strategies, this text has represented that this TL is
readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of
sentence more than 21 (twenty one) and the vocabulary is the familiar simple
word without using of new terms (borrowed native language). So it is very easy
to understand without the ambiguity factor.
4. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent
translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the
source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis
data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence
namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift,
structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
04/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
When we talk of a different
background, we refer to people with a different history, participating in
different social practices and speaking a different language.
Target
language
Ketika
kita berbicara tentang latar belakang yang berbeda, kita lihat orang-orang
dengan sejarah yang berbeda, berpartisipasi dalam praktek-praktek sosial yang
berbeda dan berbicara dalam bahasa yang berbeda.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach them. She uses strategy of adaptation, addition, deletion,
repetition and class shift. The adaptation is done from
a. (N)
Participate into (N) partisipasi
b. (Adj)
Social into (Adj) sosial
Both them does not undergo the shift
in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and
written. Furthermore, she uses the strategy
of class shift which is:
a.
Talk
(Verb) into berbicara (N)
b. Different background/latar belakang
yang berbedaà Different
(Adj) into latar belakang (Verb), background
(N)
into berbeda
(Adj)
c. Different history/sejarah yang
berbedaà Different
(Adj) into sejarah
(N), history (N) into berbeda (Adj)
d. Different social practices/praktek-praktek
social yang berbedaà
Different (Adj) into praktek-praktek
social (NP), social practices (NP) into
berbeda
(Adj)
e. Different language/bahasa yang
berbedaà Different
(Adj) into bahasa (N),
language (N) into berbeda (Adj).
After this, she uses by convention that
the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by
repetition of the noun Orang-orang
(People) and Praktek-praktek (Practices). She also uses the strategies of
deletion which is omission of a lexical item such as:
a. A different background into “latar
belakang yang berbeda”
(omission of “A”)
b. To people into “orang-orang” (omission of
“to”)
c.
A
different history into “sejarah
yang berbeda”
(omission
of “A”)
The readability factors use ones of the
average length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is difficult, because it
is complex sentence. Although it has complex sentence consist of the vocabulary
that variety and the sentence is too long, but it is generally easier to
understand and using the simple word, so it is easy to understand without the
ambiguity factor.
5. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent translation is the message
similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There
are eleven (11) equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses
eight (8) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, adoption, adaptation,
addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift and
intra-system shift.
05/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
It seems man cannot invent anything
that he cannot conceive.
Target language
Tampaknya
manusia tidak bisa menciptakan sesuatu yang dia tidak bisa pahami.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach it them, she uses strategy of addition, intra-system shift and
class shift. The
addition is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the
misinterpretation like in English “It seems man” into Indonesian (Tampaknya
manusia “man”à manusia).
Besides, she uses strategy of class shift which the shift from Verb “Conceive” into Noun “pahami”. It undergoes the shift in the
category of shift and it is performed the different meaning of shift. She also
uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in
English “seems” to singular in
Indonesian “nampak. Although she uses
only three above strategies, this text has represented that this TL is
readability to reader. The readability factors use the average length of
sentence more than 8 (eight) and using the simple word, so it is easy to
understand.
6.
Non equivalent translation
Non equivalent translation is the
message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language
(SL). It has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (4) non equivalent
data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in his
translation namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift,
structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
06/SL1/TL1/NE/UR
Source
language
In philosophy, we face two
perspectives from which to consider a translation.
Target language
Dalam
filsafat, kita menghadapi dua perspektif dari mana untuk mempertimbangkan
terjemahan
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates nonequivalent the translation is also non readable
in order to reach it them, she uses strategy of deletion, adaptation and intra-system
shift. She uses strategy of adaptation which the shift from noun (N) to noun
(N) which is “perspective” into “perspektif”. It
undergoes the shift in the category of shift and it is performed the spelling
and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which
the shift from plural in English “perspectives”
to singular in Indonesian “perspektif”.
Besides, the
deletion is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the
misinterpretation like “From which to” into “dari mana untuk”
(omission of “which”, in Indonesian is “yang”), this is not equivalent
translation between the SL and TL in deleting word. Although she uses only
three above strategies, this text has not represented that this TL is unread
ability to reader. The unread ability factors use the average length of
sentence less than 14 (four teen) is rather easy, but it is using the complex word
from native language “perspektif”, so
it is difficult to understand in new word of the TL.
7.
Equivalent translation
Equivalent translation is the message
similarity between the TL and the SL. There are eleven (11) equivalent data
from 15 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in grasping the
equivalence namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift,
structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
07/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
The first is that of relativism.
Target language
Yang pertama adalah relativisme
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation and deletion. The
adaptation is done from noun to noun of relativism
into relativisme. They
are called nouns marked by suffix -(i)sm
refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words
from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-.
Besides, deletion in also used by the translator which be shown with deleting of
the word “That of”
which is derived from SL “That of relativism” into Indonesian “relativisme”.
Although she uses just two (2) above strategies, this text has represented that
this TL is readability to reader. The readability factors use the average
length of sentence less than 8 (eight) and using the simple word, so it is very
easy to understand.
8. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent
translation is the message similarity between the target language (TL) and the
source language (SL). There are eleven (11) equivalent data from 15 analysis
data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in grasping the equivalence
namely, addition, adoption, adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift,
structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
08/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
Relativism is a philosophical
perspective that considers our cognitive exercise of understanding as filtered
by a culturally defined conceptual way of thinking.
Target language
Relativisme
adalah perspektif filosofis yang menganggap latihan
kognitif pemahaman kita disaring secara kultural didefinisikan dengan
cara konseptual berpikir
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation, deletion, intra-system
shift and class shift. The adaptation is done from noun to noun such as:
a. Relativism into relativisme
They are called nouns
marked by suffix -(i)sm refers to
types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words from SL into
the TL by changing the spelling of –ism-
into –isme-.
b. Perspectives into perspektif
c. Cognitive into kognitif
d. Culturally into cultural
e. Concept into konsep
All of them does not undergo the shift
in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and
written. She also uses the strategies
of deletion which is omission of a lexical item such as:
a. A
philosophical perspective into perspektif filosofis (omission
of word “A”)
b. As
filtered into
disaring
(omission
of word “A”)
c. A
culturally into cultural (omission of
word “A”)
Furthermore, she uses strategy of
class shift which the shift from like:
a. Philosophical
perspective into perspektif filosofis
The shift in English “philosophical”(N) into in Indonesian “persepktif”
(N) and in English “perspective” (N) into
in Indonesian “filosofi” (N)
b. Our
cognitive exercise of understanding into
latihan kognitif
pemahaman kita
The shift in English “our cognitive”(NP) into in Indonesian “latihan kognitif”(NP) and
in English “exercise of understanding”(NP)
into in Indonesian “pemahaman kita”(N).
c. Conceptual
way into
cara konseptual
The shiftin English “conceptual”(N) into in Indonesian “cara”(N), in English “way”(N) into in Indonesian “konseptual”(N).
She also uses
the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English to
singular in Indonesian, plural “considers”
into singular “menganggap”. Although
she uses four (4) above strategies, but it has represented the translation from
the SL to the TL. The readability factors use ones of the average length of
sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is difficult, because it is complex
sentence. Although it has complex sentence consist of the vocabulary that
variety and the sentence is too long, but it is generally easier to understand
and using the simple word, so it is easy to understand without the ambiguity
factor.
9. Non
equivalent translation
Non equivalent translation is the
message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language
(SL), it has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (4) non equivalent
data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses nine (9) strategies in his
translation namely, adoption, repetition, adaptation, addition, deletion,
category shift, structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
09/SL1/TL1/NE/UR
Source
language
Therefore, common biological or
genetic factors, like race, are insignificant in the formation of knowledge
schemes and concepts in comparison with those factors that provide the
surroundings where the individual developed.
Target language
Oleh
karena itu, faktor biologis atau genetik umum, seperti ras, tidak signifikan
dalam pembentukan skema pengetahuan dan konsep dibandingkan dengan
faktor-faktor yang memberikan lingkungan di mana individu berkembang.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates the nonequivalent translation and also non
readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of deletion, repetition, adaptation,
class shift and intra-system shift. She uses strategy of adaptation which the
shift from which is:
a. Biological(Adj) into
biologis(Adj)
b. Genetic(Adj) into
genetic(Adj)
c. Significant(Adj) into
signifikan(Adj)
d. Scheme(N)
into skema(N)
e. Concept(N)
into konsep(N)
f. Factor(N)
into factor(N)
It doesn’t undergoes the shift in
the category of shift, and it is performed the different spelling and written
of shift. She also uses the strategies of intra-system shift which the shift
from plural in English to singular in Indonesian likes:
a. Concepts(N)
into konsep(N)
b. Factors(N)
into faktor(N)
c. Schemes(N)
into skema(N)
d. Surroundings(N) into lingkungan(N)
Besides, the deletion is
indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the
misinterpretation like “those factors” into “faktor-faktor”
(omission of “those”, in Indonesian is “itu”) and she uses by convention that
the category of plural is reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by
repetition of the noun factor-faktor
(faktors). This is not equivalent
translation between the SL and TL in deleting word. Although she uses five (5)
above strategies, but this text has not represented that this TL is unread ability
to reader. The non readability factors use the average length of sentence more than
21 (twenty one) is rather difficult, by using the complex sentence and
difficult in understanding the content aim of the TL text, so reader can’t
understanding what the meant of the text.
10. Non
equivalent translation
Non equivalent translation is the
message not similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language
(SL), it has a different meaning from the SL. There are four (4) non equivalent
data from 15 analysis data. The translator uses eight (8) strategies in his
translation namely, adoption, adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift,
structural shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
10/SL1/TL1/NE/NR
Source
language
In short, one can say that a human
being is born without these knowledge schemes and that it is culture that
creates them and molds his development.
Target language
Singkatnya,
dapat dikatakan bahwa manusia dilahirkan tanpa pengetahuan skema ini dan ini
adalah budaya yang menciptakan mereka dan cetakan perkembangannya.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates the nonequivalent translation and also non
readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of deletion, repetition,
adaptation, class shift, structural shift and intra-system shift. She uses
strategy of adaptation which the shift from which is Scheme (N) into skema (N).
It doesn’t undergoes the shift in the category of shift and it is performed the
different spelling and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of
intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English to singular in
Indonesian, all of does not undergo the shift likes the following:
a. Schemes(N)
into skema(N)
b. Molds(N)
into cetakan(N)
c. Creates(N)
into menciptakan(N)
Besides, the deletion is
indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the
misinterpretation likes:
a. In short into singkatnya (omission of word “in”)
b. One
can into dapat
(omission of word “one”)
c. A human being into manusia (omission of word “A”)
d. And that it is into dan ini adalah(omission of word “that”)
Besides, she also uses the
structural shift strategies which is changed the active voice in English into
passive voice in Indonesian “Say”
into “dikatakan”. Using in the strategies
of class shift which is not suitable to interpretation in the TL, the noun form
“knowledge” into “pengetahuan” and “scheme” into “skema”. It
does not undergo the shift of meaning precisely it will make the ambiguity the
translation. Although she uses six (6) above
strategies, but this text has not represented that this TL is non readability
to reader. The non readability factors use the average length of sentence more
than 21 (twenty one) is rather difficult, by using the complex sentence and
difficult in understanding the content aim of TL, so reader can’t understanding
what the meant of the TL.
11. Non
equivalent translation
Non
equivalent translation is the message not similarity between the target
language (TL) and the source language (SL), it has a different meaning from the
SL. There are four (5) non equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The
translator uses eight (8) strategies in his translation namely, adoption,
adaptation, addition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift
and intra-system shift.
11/SL1/TL1/NE/NR
Source
language
We can also think of translation
from a second, contrary perspective, that of universal rationalism.
Target language
Kita juga bisa memikirkan
terjemahan dari perspektif kedua, sebaliknya, yaitu
rasionalisme universal.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates the nonequivalent translation and also non
readable in order to reach it them. She uses strategy of deletion, addition,
adaptation, class shift, and adoption. The adaptation which the shift from (N)
to (N) which is “perspective” into
noun “perspektif” and noun
to noun of rationalism
into rasionalisme. “Rationalism”
is called nouns marked by suffix -(i)sm
refers to types of a theory. The adaptation is indicated by the use of words
from SL into the TL by changing the spelling of –ism- into –isme-. It
doesn’t undergoes the shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the
different spelling and written of shift. She also uses the strategies of class
shift which the shift from auxiliary verb “can”
in English to subordinate “juga” in
Indonesian and otherwise “also” into “dapat” and the shift from noun phrase
(NP) to NP which is “Universal
Rationalism” to “rasionalisme
universal”, it is derived from noun “universal” into noun “rasionalisme”
and noun “rasionalisme” into noun “universal”. Besides, she also uses
adoption in also used by the translator which be shown without the change of
the spelling or the words like universal
into universal. In English universal is (N) and the Indonesian is (N)
too, but it doesn’t cause that is shift from N to N. The addition is
indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the
misinterpretation like “From a second” into “dari perspektif kedua” into.
The last strategies,
deletion is indicated by the use of words from SL into the TL by avoid the
misinterpretation like
Contrary perspective into sebaliknya (omission of word
“perspective”). It undergoes the shift which will make
the ambiguity the translation. Although
she uses five (5) above strategies, but this text has not represented that this
TL is non readability to reader. The non readability factors use the average
length of sentence more than 21 (twenty one) is rather difficult, by using the
complex sentence and difficult in understanding the content aim of TL, so
reader can’t understanding what the meant of the TL.
12. Equivalent
translation
Equivalent translation is the message
similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There
are ten (10) equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses nine
(9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption,
adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift
and intra-system shift.
12/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
Universal rationalism proposes a
biological and psychological determinism.
Target language
Rasionalisme
Universal mengusulkan sebuah determinisme biologis dan psikologis
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation, adoption, intra-system
shift and class shift. The adaptation is done from which is:
a. Rationalism(N)
into rasionalisme(N)
b. Determinism(N)
into determinisme(N)
c. Biological(Adj)
into biologis(Adj)
d. Psychological(Adj)
into psikologis(Adj)
All of them does not undergo the
shift in the category of shift, but it is performed the different spelling and
written. Besides, she also uses
adoption in also used by the translator which be shown without the change of
the spelling or the words like universal
into universal. In English universal is N and the Indonesian is N too,
but it doesn’t cause that is shift from noun to noun. She also uses the
strategies of intra-system shift which the shift from plural in English “Proposes” to singular
in Indonesian “menetapkan”.
After that, she uses class shift which are:
a.
Biological and psychological
determinism into
determinisme biologis dan psikologis
The shift Biological
and psychological(Adj)
into determinisme(N), determinism(N) into biologis dan psikologis(Adj). It undergoes the shift
in the category Adj to N of SL into TL, but it is performed the different
meaning.
a. Universal
rationalism/rasionalisme
universal
The shift derived from
noun phrase (NP) to NP which is “Universal
Rationalism” to “rasionalisme
universal”. It is derived from noun “universal” into noun “rasionalisme” and noun “rasionalisme” into noun “universal”.
Although she uses only four (4)
above strategies, but it has represented the translation from the SL to the TL.
The readability factors use ones of the average length of 8 (eight) sentence is
easy and has the simple word, so it is generally easier to understand and
without the ambiguity factor.
13.
Equivalent translation
Equivalent translation is the message
similarity between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL). There
are ten (10) equivalent data from 14 analysis data. The translator uses nine
(9) strategies in grasping the equivalence namely, addition, adoption,
adaptation, repetition, deletion, category shift, structural shift, class shift
and intra-system shift.
13/SL1/TL1/E/R
Source
language
This theory advocates nativism,
which homogenizes all human practices and concepts, while diversity is
relatively superficial and of secondary importance.
Target language
Teori
ini pendukung nativisme, yang menyeragamkan semua praktek manusia dan
konsep-konsep, sementara keragaman
relatif dangkal dan kepentingan sekunder.
From the data above the writer
suggests that she translates equivalently the translation is also readable in
order to reach it them, she uses strategy of adaptation, repetition,
intra-system shift, level shift and class shift. The adaptation is done from
noun to noun such as:
a. Nativism(N)
into nativisme(N)
b. Theory(N)
into teori(N)
c. Relatively(Adv)
into relatif(N)
The datum of “a and b” does not
undergo the shift in the category of shift, but the datum of “c” does undergo, it
is performed the different spelling and written. After this, she uses by convention that the category of plural is
reflected in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun konsep-konsep (Concepts). She also uses
the strategies of level shift which is in English Full verb “Diversity
is relatively superficial”
into Indonesian NP keragaman relatif
dangkal.
Furthermore, she uses strategy of class shift which
the shift from like:
a. This theory/Teori
ini
The shift this(Adj) into teori(N), theory(N) into ini(Adj). It undergoes the
shift in the category (Adj to N) of SL into TL.
b. Human practices/praktek
manusia
The shift human(N) into praktek(N), practice(N)
into manusia(N)
